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After you have installed Drupal and created the admin account, you will see a menu on the left side of the screen:

Click on the menu item that says "Administer". That will lead you the the Drupal admin screen.
You will probably see a warning message like this:

Follow the "status report" link for more information, and you should see a screen something like this that contains information about your Drupal installation:

Don't worry about cron right now, but if you have an error about your file system, then you should take care of it right away. Usually this means creating a directory called /files/ in the root of your Drupal installation and making sure that it is writable.
[more coming soon]